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California
State Standards for United States History and Geography:
Continuity and Change in the Twentieth Century
Students
in grade eleven study the major turning points in American history in the
twentieth century. Following a review of the nation's beginnings and the
impact of the Enlightenment on U.S. democratic ideals, students build upon
the tenth grade study of global industrialization to understand the emergence
and impact of new technology and a corporate economy, including the social
and cultural effects. They trace the change in the ethnic composition of
American society; the movement toward equal rights for racial minorities and
women; and the role of the United States as a major world power. An emphasis
is placed on the expanding role of the federal government and federal courts
as well as the continuing tension between the individual and the state.
Students consider the major social problems of our time and trace their
causes in historical events. They learn that the United States has served as
a model for other nations and that the rights and freedoms we enjoy are not
accidents, but the results of a defined set of political principles that are
not always basic to citizens of other countries. Students understand that our
rights under the U.S. Constitution are a precious inheritance that depends on
an educated citizenry for their preservation and protection.
11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation
and its attempts to realize the philosophy of government described in the
Declaration of Independence.
- Describe
the Enlightenment and the rise of democratic ideas as the context in
which the nation was founded.
- Analyze
the ideological origins of the American Revolution, the Founding
Fathers' philosophy of divinely bestowed unalienable natural rights, the
debates on the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, and the
addition of the Bill of Rights.
- Understand
the history of the Constitution after 1787 with emphasis on federal
versus state authority and growing democratization.
- Examine
the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of the industrial
revolution, including demographic shifts and the emergence in the late
nineteenth century of the United States as a world power.
11.2
Students analyze the relationship among the rise of industrialization,
large-scale rural-to-urban migration, and massive immigration from Southern
and Eastern Europe.
- Know
the effects of industrialization on living and working conditions,
including the portrayal of working conditions and food safety in Upton
Sinclair's The Jungle.
- Describe
the changing landscape, including the growth of cities linked by
industry and trade, and the development of cities divided according to
race, ethnicity, and class.
- Trace
the effect of the Americanization movement.
- Analyze
the effect of urban political machines and responses to them by
immigrants and middle-class reformers.
- Discuss
corporate mergers that produced trusts and cartels and the economic and
political policies of industrial leaders.
- Trace
the economic development of the United States and its emergence as a
major industrial power, including its gains from trade and the
advantages of its physical geography.
- Analyze
the similarities and differences between the ideologies of Social
Darwinism and Social Gospel (e.g., using biographies of William Graham
Sumner, Billy Sunday, Dwight L. Moody).
- Examine
the effect of political programs and activities of Populists.
- Understand
the effect of political programs and activities of the Progressives
(e.g., federal regulation of railroad transport, Children's Bureau, the
Sixteenth Amendment, Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson).
11.3
Students analyze the role religion played in the founding of America, its
lasting moral, social, and political impacts, and issues regarding religious
liberty.
- Describe
the contributions of various religious groups to American civic
principles and social reform movements (e.g., civil and human rights,
individual responsibility and the work ethic, antimonarchy and
self-rule, worker protection, family-centered communities).
- Analyze
the great religious revivals and the leaders involved in them, including
the First Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening, the Civil War
revivals, the Social Gospel Movement, the rise of Christian liberal
theology in the nineteenth century, the impact of the Second Vatican
Council, and the rise of Christian fundamentalism in current times.
- Cite
incidences of religious intolerance in the United States (e.g.,
persecution of Mormons, anti-Catholic sentiment, anti-Semitism).
- Discuss
the expanding religious pluralism in the United States and California
that resulted from large-scale immigration in the twentieth century.
- Describe
the principles of religious liberty found in the Establishment and Free
Exercise clauses of the First Amendment, including the debate on the issue
of separation of church and state.
11.4
Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power in
the twentieth century.
- List
the purpose and the effects of the Open Door policy.
- Describe
the Spanish-American War and U.S. expansion in the South Pacific.
- Discuss
America's role in the Panama Revolution and the building of the Panama
Canal.
- Explain
Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft's Dollar
Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Moral Diplomacy, drawing on relevant speeches.
- Analyze
the political, economic, and social ramifications of World War I on the
home front.
- Trace
the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United
States in world affairs after World War II.
11.5
Students analyze the major political, social, economic, technological, and
cultural developments of the 1920s.
- Discuss
the policies of Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert
Hoover.
- Analyze
the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that
prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus
Garvey's "back-to-Africa" movement, the Ku Klux Klan, and
immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the
American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those
attacks.
- Examine
the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the
Volstead Act (Prohibition).
- Analyze
the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the changing role of women
in society.
- Describe
the Harlem Renaissance and new trends in literature, music, and art,
with special attention to the work of writers (e.g., Zora Neale Hurston,
Langston Hughes).
- Trace
the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the
worldwide diffusion of popular culture.
- Discuss
the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact
of new technologies (e.g., the automobile, electricity), and the
resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape.
11.6
Students analyze the different explanations for the Great Depression and how
the New Deal fundamentally changed the role of the federal government.
- Describe
the monetary issues of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
that gave rise to the establishment of the Federal Reserve and the
weaknesses in key sectors of the economy in the late 1920s.
- Understand
the explanations of the principal causes of the Great Depression and the
steps taken by the Federal Reserve, Congress, and Presidents Herbert
Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt to combat the economic crisis.
- Discuss
the human toll of the Depression, natural disasters, and unwise
agricultural practices and their effects on the depopulation of rural
regions and on political movements of the left and right, with
particular attention to the Dust Bowl refugees and their social and
economic impacts in California.
- Analyze
the effects of and the controversies arising from New Deal economic
policies and the expanded role of the federal government in society and
the economy since the 1930s (e.g., Works Progress Administration, Social
Security, National Labor Relations Board, farm programs, regional
development policies, and energy development projects such as the
Tennessee Valley Authority, California Central Valley Project, and
Bonneville Dam).
- Trace
the advances and retreats of organized labor, from the creation of the
American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations
to current issues of a postindustrial, multinational economy, including
the United Farm Workers in California.
11.7
Students analyze America's participation in World War II.
- Examine
the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the
events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor.
- Explain
U.S. and Allied wartime strategy, including the major battles of Midway,
Normandy, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and the Battle of the Bulge.
- Identify
the roles and sacrifices of individual American soldiers, as well as the
unique contributions of the special fighting forces (e.g., the Tuskegee
Airmen, the 442nd Regimental Combat team, the Navajo Code Talkers).
- Analyze
Roosevelt's foreign policy during World War II (e.g., Four Freedoms
speech).
- Discuss
the constitutional issues and impact of events on the U.S. home front,
including the internment of Japanese Americans (e.g., Fred Korematsu v.
United States of America) and the restrictions on German and Italian
resident aliens; the response of the administration to Hitler's
atrocities against Jews and other groups; the roles of women in military
production; and the roles and growing political demands of African
Americans.
- Describe
major developments in aviation, weaponry, communication, and medicine
and the war's impact on the location of American industry and use of
resources.
- Discuss
the decision to drop atomic bombs and the consequences of the decision
(Hiroshimaand Nagasaki).
- Analyze
the effect of massive aid given to Western Europe under the Marshall
Plan to rebuild itself after the war and the importance of a rebuilt
Europe to the U.S. economy.
11.8
Students analyze the economic boom and social transformation of post-World
War II America.
- Trace
the growth of service sector, white collar, and professional sector jobs
in business and government.
- Describe
the significance of Mexican immigration and its relationship to the
agricultural economy, especially in California.
- Examine
Truman's labor policy and congressional reaction to it.
- Analyze
new federal government spending on defense, welfare, interest on the
national debt, and federal and state spending on education, including
the California Master Plan.
- Describe
the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Great Depression,
World War II, and the Cold War.
- Discuss
the diverse environmental regions of North America, their relationship
to local economies, and the origins and prospects of environmental
problems in those regions.
- Describe
the effects on society and the economy of technological developments
since 1945, including the computer revolution, changes in communication,
advances in medicine, and improvements in agricultural technology.
- Discuss
forms of popular culture, with emphasis on their origins and geographic
diffusion (e.g., jazz and other forms of popular music, professional
sports, architectural and artistic styles).
11.9
Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II.
- Discuss
the establishment of the United Nations and International Declaration of
Human Rights, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and their importance in shaping
modern Europe and maintaining peace and international order.
- Understand
the role of military alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring
communist aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War.
- Trace
the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the
Cold War and containment policy, including the following:
- The
era of McCarthyism, instances of domestic Communism (e.g., Alger Hiss)
and blacklisting
- The
Truman Doctrine
- The
Berlin Blockade
- The
Korean War
- The
Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Atomic
testing in the American West, the "mutual assured
destruction" doctrine, and disarmament policies
- The
Vietnam War
- Latin
American policy
- List
the effects of foreign policy on domestic policies and vice versa (e.g.,
protests during the war in Vietnam, the "nuclear freeze"
movement).
- Analyze
the role of the Reagan administration and other factors in the victory
of the West in the Cold War.
- Describe
U.S. Middle East policy and its strategic, political, and economic
interests, including those related to the Gulf War.
- Examine
relations between the United States and Mexico in the twentieth century,
including key economic, political, immigration, and environmental
issues.
11.10
Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights.
- Explain
how demands of African Americans helped produce a stimulus for civil
rights, including President Roosevelt's ban on racial discrimination in
defense industries in 1941, and how African Americans' service in World
War II produced a stimulus for President Truman's decision to end
segregation in the armed forces in 1948.
- Examine
and analyze the key events, policies, and court cases in the evolution
of civil rights, including Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson,
Brown v. Board of Education, Regents of the University of California v.
Bakke, and California Proposition 209.
- Describe
the collaboration on legal strategy between African American and white
civil rights lawyers to end racial segregation in higher education.
- Examine
the roles of civil rights advocates (e.g., A. Philip Randolph, Martin
Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Thurgood Marshall, James Farmer, Rosa
Parks), including the significance of Martin Luther King, Jr. 's
"Letter from Birmingham Jail" and "I Have a Dream"
speech.
- Discuss
the diffusion of the civil rights movement of African Americans from the
churches of the rural South and the urban North, including the
resistance to racial desegregation in Little Rock and Birmingham, and
how the advances influenced the agendas, strategies, and effectiveness
of the quests of American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanic
Americans for civil rights and equal opportunities.
- Analyze
the passage and effects of civil rights and voting rights legislation
(e.g., 1964 Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965) and the
Twenty-Fourth Amendment, with an emphasis on equality of access to
education and to the political process.
- Analyze
the women's rights movement from the era of Elizabeth Stanton and Susan
Anthony and the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the movement
launched in the 1960s, including differing perspectives on the roles of
women.
11.11
Students analyze the major social problems and domestic policy issues in
contemporary American society.
- Discuss
the reasons for the nation's changing immigration policy, with emphasis
on how the Immigration Act of 1965 and successor acts have transformed
American society.
- Discuss
the significant domestic policy speeches of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy,
Johnson, Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton (e.g., with regard to
education, civil rights, economic policy, environmental policy).
- Describe
the changing roles of women in society as reflected in the entry of more
women into the labor force and the changing family structure.
- Explain
the constitutional crisis originating from the Watergate scandal.
- Trace
the impact of, need for, and controversies associated with environmental
conservation, expansion of the national park system, and the development
of environmental protection laws, with particular attention to the
interaction between environmental protection advocates and property
rights advocates.
- Analyze
the persistence of poverty and how different analyses of this issue
influence welfare reform, health insurance reform, and other social
policies.
- Explain
how the federal, state, and local governments have responded to
demographic and social changes such as population shifts to the suburbs,
racial concentrations in the cities, Frostbelt-to-Sunbelt migration,
international migration, decline of family farms, increases in
out-of-wedlock births, and drug abuse.
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